Sedimentary characteristics of the upper part of the fourth member of Leikoupo Formation of Middle Triassic in western Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 利用野外露头、钻井岩心、测井、岩石薄片以及碳氧同位素等资料，对川西地区中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段沉积特征与沉积模式进行系统分析，明确储层发育有利沉积相带。川西地区中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段沉积时期主要为局限—蒸发台地潮坪沉积环境，发育膏云坪、（藻）云坪、（藻）云灰坪、（藻）灰云坪、（藻）砂屑滩、（藻）灰坪、砂屑滩等沉积微相。通过沉积模式的建立，认为川西地区雷四段上亚段沉积时受滩/岛的阻隔及干旱气候条件等因素影响，海水补给受限，在强蒸发作用下海水逐渐咸化，形成高盐度的沉积环境，有利于大规模白云岩化；川西地区地势平坦、水体浅、能量低，多期频繁的暴露引起了大气水淋滤溶蚀作用；藻类广泛发育，藻类活动所形成的碳酸盐岩类型多样，主要有藻叠层白云岩、藻凝块白云岩、藻纹层白云岩和藻砂屑白云岩等。综合分析认为，川西大部分地区在该时期为潮间带（藻）云坪微相沉积，有利于准同生期暴露并接受大气水淋滤溶蚀，是孔隙型储层发育的有利区带。Abstract: Based on the data of outcrop, drilling core, logging, rock thin section and carbon and oxygen isotope test, this paper carried out systematic analysis for characteristics and model of sedimentary of the upper part of the fourth member of Leikoupo Formation in western Sichuan Basin, favorable sedimentary facies for the development of reservoir were proposed. Results showed that in the sedimentary period of the upper part of the fourth member of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation, the western Sichuan Basin was in the sedimentary environment of tidal flat within restricted and evaporative platform. The sedimentary microfacies were gypseous-dolomite flat, (algae)-dolomite flat, (algae)-dolomite-lime flat, (algae)-lime-dolomite flat, (algae) intraclast beach, (algae)-lime flat, intraclast beach etc. According to the establishment of the sedimentary model, due to the barrier of beach/island and the influence of arid climate conditions, the seawater supply was limited during the deposition of the upper submember of the fourth member of Leikoupo Formation in the western Sichuan Basin, which formed a high salinity sedimentary environment by strong evaporation and was good for large-scale dolomization. Flat terrain, shallow water, low energy, and the frequent exposure of multiple periods caused atmospheric water leaching and dissolution in the western Sichuan region. Algae were widely developed, which formed diverse carbonatite by algal activities, including algal stromatolite dolomite, algal clot dolomite, algal lamina dolomite and algal arene dolomite. By comprehensive analysis, for most part of the western Sichuan Basin, it was in the intertidal zone (algae)-dolomite flat sedimentary area, which was favorable for the penecontemporaneous exposure to atmospheric water leaching and dissolution, and was a favorable developing zone for porous-type reservoir.
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图 1 四川盆地晚三叠世前古地质图及地层划分方案
Figure 1. Paleogeological map of the Sichuan Basin before the Late Triassic and its stratigraphic division scheme
图 2 川西地区X6井中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段沉积特征综合柱状图
Figure 2. Comprehensive histogram of sedimentary characteristics of the upper sub-member of the fourth member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in well X6, western Sichuan Basin
图 3 川西地区中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段典型沉积微相的岩石特征
a.膏质团块，潮上带膏云坪，F1井，4 589 m; b.藻纹层状白云岩，潮间带藻云坪绵竹汉旺剖面; c.藻纹层白云岩，潮间带藻云坪，X6井，5 779.81 m; d.藻叠层白云岩，潮间带藻云坪X7井，6 217.69 m，100(-); e.藻凝块白云岩，潮间带藻云坪，X6井，5 814.59 m，100(-); f.鸟眼构造，潮间带(藻)云坪，X7井，6 208.24 m; g.鸟眼—窗格构造，潮间带藻云坪，X6井，5 787.04 m，100(-); h.干裂纹，潮间带云坪，绵竹汉旺剖面; i.灰质白云岩，潮间带灰云坪，波状层理，X6井，5 781.38 m; j.砂屑白云岩，潮间带砂屑滩，X6井，5 791.87 m，100(-); k.亮晶藻砂屑灰岩，潮下带砂屑滩，X6井，5 601 m，100(+); l.微晶灰岩，潮下带灰坪，X7井，5 738.62 m，100(+)
Figure 3. Rock characteristics of typical sedimentary microfacies in the upper sub-member of the fourth member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in western Sichuan Basin
图 4 川西地区中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段沉积模式
Figure 4. Sedimentary model of the upper sub-member of the fourth member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in western Sichuan Basin
图 5 川西地区中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段沉积微相对比
Figure 5. Microfacies of the upper sub-member of the fourth member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in western Sichuan Basin
图 6 川西地区中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段下部沉积微相
Figure 6. Sedimentary microfacies of the lower part of the upper sub-member of the fourth member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in western Sichuan Basin
图 7 川西地区中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段中—上部沉积微相
Figure 7. Sedimentary microfacies of the middle-upper part of the upper sub-member of the fourth member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in western Sichuan Basin
表 1 川西地区中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段沉积相划分
Table 1. Division of sedimentary facies of the upper sub-member of the fourth member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in western Sichuan Basin
相 亚相 微相 岩石类型 沉积构造 局限—蒸发台地 潮坪 膏云坪 含膏白云岩 透镜状 云膏坪 含云膏岩 团块状 泥质/云质潟湖 泥质膏岩、云质膏岩 水平层理 (藻)云坪 晶粒白云岩、藻白云岩、藻粘结白云岩 纹层状、鸟眼、窗状孔、干裂、藻纹层构造 (藻)云灰坪 云质灰岩、藻砂屑云质灰岩 波状层理 (藻)灰云坪 灰云质岩、藻砂屑灰质云岩 波状层理、藻叠层构造、藻纹层构造 (藻)砂屑滩 藻砂屑、砂屑灰岩 羽状交错层理 (藻)灰坪 藻灰岩 平行层理 潮道 藻砂屑、砂屑灰岩 羽状交错层理 潟湖 灰质潟湖 泥质灰岩、泥灰岩 平行层理 
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表 2 川西地区M1井中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素分析
Table 2. Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis data of carbonate rock in the upper sub-member of the fourth member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in well M1, western Sichuan Basin
样品号 井深/m 岩性 δ13CV-PDB/‰ δ18OV-PDB/‰ Z值 1 6 152.14 微晶云质藻灰岩 1.94 -5.75 128.41 2 6 153.12 微晶藻砂屑灰岩 1.96 -5.66 128.50 3 6 157.50 微晶藻砂屑灰岩 1.88 -6.01 128.16 4 6 158.42 粉晶白云质藻砂屑灰岩 1.64 -5.63 127.86 5 6 160.70 微晶藻灰岩 1.70 -5.41 128.09 6 6 178.23 粉晶白云质藻灰岩 1.75 -5.54 128.13 7 6 198.78 灰质藻白云岩 2.84 -3.55 131.35 8 6 204.58 藻屑白云岩 2.36 -1.63 131.32 9 6 206.77 藻屑白云岩 2.22 -1.36 131.17 10 6 212.57 泥晶白云岩 2.27 -0.75 131.58 注：Z=2.048×(δ13C + 50) + 0.498×(δ18O + 50)。
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