Experimental development and application of source rock thermal simulation for hydrocarbon generation and expulsion
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摘要: 烃源岩生排烃模拟实验已成为研究烃源岩生、排、滞油气机理的重要技术手段。对生排烃模拟实验技术的研究现状及发展趋势进行了归纳与总结。目前根据反应体系的开放程度，生排烃模拟实验方法可分为开放体系、封闭体系和限制体系3类；模拟实验的方式主要有单温阶累计生排油气模拟和多温阶连续生排油气模拟2种；实验边界条件主要有模拟的温度、压力体系、时间、样品形态及无机反应介质等5类。生排烃模拟实验在明确油气生、排、滞过程及其主控因素，建立不同类型沉积有机质的油气演化模式，评价沉积盆地的油气资源潜力和进行油气源对比与示踪等方面起到了重要的作用。目前的生排烃模拟实验具有局限性，需要在实验边界条件、源-储-藏协同成烃成藏物理模拟和多因素共控作用下油气形成动力学模拟方面进行更深入的研究。Abstract: Simulation experiment was one of the most valuable methods for the study of hydrocarbon generation, expulsion and retention in source rocks. It was summarized in this paper that the progressing status and development significations of thermal simulation experiments. According to the open degree of reaction system, the experimental methods can be classified to three types, including open, closed and restricted systems. Cumulative generation and expulsion of oil and gas at a single temperature step and continuous generation and expulsion of oil and gas in multiple temperature steps were introduced. The main constrains included simulation temperature, pressure, time duration, sample morphology and inorganic reaction medium. The simulation experiments of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion have played an important role in clarifying the processes of oil and gas generation, expulsion and retention and their major controlling factors, establishing oil and gas evolution models of different types of sedimentary organic matter, evaluating the oil and gas resource potential of sedimentary basins, and performing oil and gas source comparison and correlation. The current hydrocarbon generation and expulsion simulation experiments have some limitations, and researches are needed in terms of experimental boundary conditions, physical simulation of hydrocarbon generation and accumulation of source-reservoir synergy, and dynamic calculation of hydrocarbon generation with various constrains.
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图 1 不同体系生排烃热压模拟实验装置结构示意
Figure 1. Structures of thermal simulation experimental devices of different systems
图 2 单温阶累计生排油气模拟实验流程示意
Figure 2. Simulation experiment process of accumulative oil and gas generation and expulsion at single temperature step
图 3 多温阶连续生排烃模拟实验流程示意
Figure 3. Simulation experiment process of continuous oil and gas generation and expulsion in multi temperature steps
表 1 不同生排烃模拟实验装置实验条件对比
Table 1. Experimental conditions of different thermal simulation experimental setup
体系类型 典型设备 最高温度/℃ 上覆静岩压力 流体压力 装置中流体介质 反应空间 样品需求质量 开放体系 Rock-Eval岩石热解仪、热重仪、热解—色谱—质谱仪 800 无 常压 惰性气体 无限制 几毫克 封闭体系 金属高压釜 600 无 < 20 MPa 水蒸气，汽水平衡态或超临界水 几十至几百毫升 几十至一百多克粉碎岩石 玻璃管 600 无 < 5 MPa，不能实测 无水 几至几十毫升 零点几克 黄金管—高压釜 650 不确定 < 50 MPa，不能实测 无水 几至十几毫升 几十毫克 金刚石压腔 1 200 无 100 MPa~10 GPa 液态水、超临界水 零点几至几毫升 零点几毫克 限制体系 压实模拟装置，压力差热分析仪 600 130 MPa~2 GPa 常压或40 MPa 无水低压水蒸气 无限制或十几毫升 几克到几百克柱状岩石 地层孔隙热压模拟 600 常压至200 MPa 常压至150 MPa 液态水、超临界水 几至十几毫升 几十至一百多克柱状岩石 
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