Effectiveness of marine carbonate source rocks: a case study of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in Western Sichuan Depression
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摘要: 中三叠统雷口坡组是近年来四川盆地川西坳陷天然气勘探的热点层系，对其海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩有效性认识的分歧制约了对主力气源和勘探方向的认识。对川西坳陷雷口坡组有机岩石学和有机地球化学等方面进行了综合研究，结果表明雷口坡组碳酸盐岩中干酪根显微组分以腐泥无定形体为主；藻纹层与非纹层部分有机碳含量没有明显差异；雷口坡组三段有机碳含量与黏土矿物含量呈正相关，与碳酸盐矿物含量呈负相关；与常规方法测得的有机碳含量相比，包含有机酸盐在内的总有机碳含量略高，但差值多小于0.2%。雷口坡组碳酸盐岩有机质丰度和生烃潜力整体偏低，有效烃源岩达标率仅为6.13%，相对富有机质层段的分布具有较强的局限性。雷口坡组碳酸盐岩单独难以构成主力烃源岩，对气藏的贡献较为有限。因此，气源输导条件是川西坳陷雷口坡组勘探的重要影响因素，寻找规模性的天然气聚集，应重点关注连通下伏上二叠统烃源岩的通源断裂发育区。Abstract: The Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation (T2l) has been regarded as one of the most important strata for natural gas exploration in the Western Sichuan Depression of the Sichuan Basin. The main gas source has not been determined due to the controversy on the effectiveness of the T2l marine carbonate source rocks and exploration direction is breezing. Integrated studies on organic petrology and organic geochemistry indicate that, the organic macerals of kerogen in the T2l carbonate rocks in the Western Sichuan Depression are mainly consisted of sapropelic amorphous bodies. The total organic carbon (TOC) contents of both algal laminae and non-laminae sections insignificantly varied. The TOC content of the 3rd member of T2l is positively correlated with the content of clay minerals and negatively correlated with the content of carbonate minerals. If carboxylate is included to be calculated for these carbonates, the TOC content show increments no more than 0.2%. The T2l carbonate rocks in the Western Sichuan Depression mainly display low organic abundance and hydrocarbon potential, and only6.13% of the studied samples reach the standard values of effective source rocks, moreover, relative organic-rich layers are limitedly distributed. It is concluded that T2l marine carbonate rocks in the Western Sichuan Depression is unlikely to be main source rocks solely, and they can only contribute to the gas accumulation with a limited amount. Therefore, the migrating conditions is an important controlling factor to be considered for the T2l gas exploration, and the exploration of large-scale gas accumulation should focus on the areas with developed faults connecting the underlying Upper Permian source rocks.
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图 1 川西坳陷构造单元划分(a)及中三叠统雷口坡组四段柱状图(b)
b图据参考文献[20]修改。
Figure 1. Tectonic units of Western Sichuan Depression (a) and stratigraphic column of 4th member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation (b)
图 2 不同体系模拟实验中泥灰岩有机碳恢复系数与原始有机碳相关性
Figure 2. Correlation between TOC recovery coefficients and original TOC contents of marlstones in simulation experiments under different systems
图 3 川西坳陷中三叠统雷口坡组四段藻纹层白云岩TOC含量分布
Figure 3. Distribution of TOC contents of algal laminated dolomites in 4th member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
图 4 四川盆地雷口坡组三段碳酸盐岩TOC与碳酸盐矿物(a)和黏土矿物(b)含量相关性
Figure 4. Correlation of TOC contents versus contents of carbonates (a) and clay minerals (b) in carbonate rocks from 3rd member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation, Sichuan Basin
图 5 川西坳陷中三叠统雷口坡组碳酸盐岩常规TOC与含有机酸盐TOC增加值相关性
数据来自参考文献[18]。
Figure 5. Correlation between conventional TOC and TOC increment by organic acid salt of carbonate rocks in Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
图 6 川西坳陷中三叠统雷口坡组不同层段残余TOC与深度的关系
Figure 6. Correlation diagram between residual TOC content and depth of different members of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
图 7 川西坳陷中三叠统雷口坡组四段岩心样品中孔隙和裂缝充填特征
a.A-17井，6 256.87~6 256.99 m，白云岩中溶蚀孔洞，未充填沥青；b.A-13井，5 693.96 m，残余藻团块微粉晶白云岩，晶间孔和粒内溶孔中未被充填，铸体薄片，正交偏光；c.A-11井，6 178.40 m，灰质白云岩中的裂缝和窗格孔未被充填，铸体薄片，正交偏光
Figure 7. Filling characteristics of pores and fissures in core samples from 4th member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
表 1 川西坳陷中三叠统雷口坡组碳酸盐岩干酪根有机显微组分构成
Table 1. Compositions of organic macerals in kerogen from carbonate rocks in Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
井号 深度/m 层位 腐泥组/% 壳质组/% 镜质组/% 惰性组/% 固体沥青/% 类型指数(TI) 干酪根类型 A-13 5 691.8 T2l43 18 82 -57 Ⅲ A-13 5 701.0 T2l43 46 52 2 -18 Ⅲ A-13 5 707.2 T2l43 52 46 2 -10.5 Ⅲ A-13 5 713.8 T2l43 100 100 Ⅰ A-11 6 153.0 T2l43 55 42 3 -7 Ⅲ A-3 5 766.5 T2l43 98 2 98 Ⅰ A-3 5 809.5 T2l43 96 4 96 Ⅰ A-8 5 524.3 T2l43 95 5 95 Ⅰ A-9 5 506.6 T2l3 93 7 93 Ⅰ A-9 5 846.0 T2l2 95 5 95 Ⅰ 
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表 2 川西坳陷中三叠统雷口坡组三段碳酸盐岩TOC含量与矿物组成
Table 2. TOC contents and mineral compositions of carbonate rocks from 3rd member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
井号 岩性 ω(TOC)/% 矿物组成/% 黏土 石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 白云石 菱铁矿 黄铁矿 石膏 硬石膏 CT1 泥灰岩 1.14 46.5 19.7 3.4 17.7 9.1 1.1 1.6 0.9 CT1 泥灰岩 0.82 34.5 12.0 2.4 46.0 2.2 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.6 CT1 泥灰岩 0.74 34.4 13.6 0.2 2.7 39.4 7.1 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.8 Mo27 灰岩 0.06 6.8 2.4 0.3 0.3 84.2 4.9 0.4 0.3 0.4 Mo27 灰岩 0.09 6.5 2.1 0.7 86.4 3.1 0.4 0.3 0.5 A-18 白云岩 0.08 7.2 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 70.3 0.4 0.6 0.1 18.9 A-18 白云岩 0.10 2.8 0.5 0.1 84.5 0.1 0.2 11.8 A-18 白云岩 0.14 8.5 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.3 87.1 0.2 0.7 1.3 A-18 白云岩 0.15 7.3 1.9 0.3 0.5 0.1 83.7 0.2 0.4 5.6 A-18 白云岩 0.12 6.2 2.5 0.4 0.4 0.1 89.4 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.2 A-18 白云岩 0.07 6.3 1.5 0.4 0.1 91.1 0.2 0.4 A-18 白云岩 0.08 4.2 1.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 93.1 0.3 0.3 A-18 白云岩 0.06 4.9 1.6 0.1 0.3 0.1 92.3 0.3 0.3 A-18 白云岩 0.04 4.5 1.4 0.3 0.5 92.2 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 A-18 白云岩 0.11 2.9 0.3 0.2 0.3 3.5 80.0 0.5 12.3 A-18 白云岩 0.06 5.4 1.7 0.4 0.2 31.5 59.1 0.1 0.4 1.2
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表 3 川西坳陷中三叠统雷口坡组不同层段碳酸盐岩总有机碳含量统计
Table 3. Statistics of TOC contents for carbonate rocks from different members of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
TOC统计值 层位 T2l1 T2l2 T2l3 T2l4 TOC最小值/% 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.02 TOC最大值/% 0.62 1.72 0.93 1.08 TOC平均值/% 0.22 0.19 0.15 0.16 样品数/个 127 189 345 694 ω(TOC)≥0.4%的样品数/个 10 13 18 42 达标率/% 7.87 6.88 5.22 6.05 达标样品TOC平均值/% 0.46 0.80 0.67 0.62
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