Hydrocarbon generation and evolution characteristics of Carboniferous source rocks on the northeastern margin of the Junggar Basin and its petroleum geological significance
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摘要: 准噶尔盆地东北缘石炭纪沟弧盆环境发育多种类型的烃源岩，为落实主力烃源岩高效供烃区，指导该区油气勘探，基于钻井、露头烃源岩样品有机地球化学及生烃热模拟实验等测试数据，地质—地化相结合，对不同类型烃源岩生烃机制、生烃潜力、生烃演化过程及供烃特征进行了研究。研究区石炭系主要发育泥岩、凝灰质泥岩和碳质泥岩3种类型的烃源岩；不同类型的烃源岩生烃母质构成、生烃活化能分布不同，其生烃潜力及生烃演化模式存在明显差异，即泥岩相对低成熟演化阶段快速生烃，凝灰质泥岩持续缓慢生烃，碳质泥岩相对高成熟演化阶段快速生烃；后期构造改造、沉积充填及地温场演化联合控制了烃源岩生烃热演化过程及供烃特征。依据烃源岩生烃与油气散失时空耦合，划分出高效生烃—低散失—高效供烃、高效生烃—较高散失—较高效供烃、较高效生烃—低散失—较高效供烃、较高效生烃—高散失—低效供烃、低效生烃—高散失—低效供烃和低效生烃—低散失—低效供烃6种供烃模式。石北、滴水泉等凹陷属较高效生烃—低散失—较高效供烃单元，具备形成大中型油气田的物质基础，为最有利的勘探区。Abstract: Various types of source rocks were developed in the Carboniferous trench-arc basin environment on the northeastern margin of the Junggar Basin. In order to implement the efficient hydrocarbon supply area of the main source rocks and guide the oil and gas exploration in this area, researches on the hydrocarbon generation mechanism, potential, evolution process, and hydrocarbon supply characteristics of different types of source rocks were carried out through the combination of geology and geochemistry based on the test data of drilling, organic geochemistry of outcrop source rock samples, and hydrocarbon-generating thermal simulation experiments. The results show that there are three types of source rocks, namely mudstone, tuffaceous mudstone and carbonaceous mudstone in the Carboniferous in the study area. Different source rocks have different parent material composition and activation energy distribution for hydrocarbon generation, and their hydrocarbon generation potential and evolution model have obvious differences. Mudstone generated hydrocarbon rapidly at relatively low maturity stage, tuffaceous mudstone continued to generate hydrocarbon slowly, and carbonaceous mudstone generated hydrocarbon rapidly at relatively higher maturity stage. Later structural transformation, sedimentary filling and geothermal field evolution jointly controlled the thermal evolution process and hydrocarbon supply characteristics of source rocks. Hydrocarbon generation and hydrocarbon loss of source rocks were coupled in time and space, and six hydrocarbon supply models can be divided, i.e., (1) high-efficiency hydrocarbon generation, low hydrocarbon loss, high-efficiency hydrocarbon supply, (2) high-efficiency hydrocarbon generation, relatively high hydrocarbon loss, relatively high-efficiency hydrocarbon supply, (3) relatively high-efficiency hydrocarbon generation, low hydrocarbon loss, relatively high-efficiency hydrocarbon supply, (4) relatively high-efficiency hydrocarbon generation, high hydrocarbon loss, low-efficiency hydrocarbon supply, (5) low-efficiency hydrocarbon generation, high hydrocarbon loss, relatively low-efficiency hydrocarbon supply, and (6) low-efficiency hydrocarbon generation, low hydrocarbon loss, low-efficiency hydrocarbon supply. Among them, the Shibei and Dishuiquan sags are relatively high-efficiency hydrocarbon generation, low hydrocarbon loss and relatively high-efficiency hydrocarbon supply units with material foundation for forming large and medium-sized oil and gas fields, which are the most favorable exploration targets at present.
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图 1 准噶尔盆地构造单元划分
Ⅰ.西部隆起带：Ⅰ1.哈山构造带，Ⅰ2.克百断裂带，Ⅰ3.车排子凸起，Ⅰ4.四棵树凹陷；Ⅱ.乌伦古坳陷：Ⅱ1.索索泉凹陷，Ⅱ2.红岩断阶带；Ⅲ.陆梁隆起带：Ⅲ1.夏盐凸起，Ⅲ2.滴南凸起，Ⅲ3.滴北凸起，Ⅲ4.三个泉凸起，Ⅲ5.石西凸起，Ⅲ6.石英滩凸起，Ⅲ7.石北凹陷，Ⅲ8.滴水泉凹陷，Ⅲ9.石南凹陷，Ⅲ10.石西凹陷；Ⅳ.中央坳陷：Ⅳ1.玛湖凹陷，Ⅳ2.东道海子凹陷，Ⅳ3.阜康凹陷，Ⅳ4.沙湾凹陷，Ⅳ5.达巴松凸起，Ⅳ6.中拐凸起，Ⅳ7.莫索湾凸起，Ⅳ8.莫北凸起，Ⅳ9.莫南凸起，Ⅳ10.白家海凸起；Ⅴ.东部隆起：Ⅴ1.帐北断褶带，Ⅴ2.黄草湖低凸，Ⅴ3.黑山凸起，Ⅴ4.沙奇凸起，Ⅴ5.古东凸起，Ⅴ6.古西凸起，Ⅴ7.北三台凸起，Ⅴ8.吉木萨尔凹陷，Ⅴ9.五彩湾凹陷，Ⅴ10.石树沟凹陷，Ⅴ11.石钱滩凹陷，Ⅴ12.梧桐窝子凹陷，Ⅴ13.古城凹陷，Ⅴ14.木垒凹陷；Ⅵ.准南冲断褶皱带：Ⅵ1.伊山构造带，Ⅵ2.博山构造带，Ⅵ3.三葛庄凸起，Ⅵ4.柴北构造带，Ⅵ5.永丰凹陷，Ⅵ6.达坂城凹陷。
Figure 1. Tectonic unit division of Junggar Basin
图 2 准噶尔盆地东北缘石炭系典型烃源岩生物标志化合物谱图
Figure 2. Biomarkers of typical Carboniferous source rocks on the northeastern margin of the Junggar Basin
图 3 准噶尔盆地东北缘石炭系烃源岩生烃活化能直方图
Figure 3. Histogram of hydrocarbon generation activation energy of Carboniferous source rocks on the northeastern margin of the Junggar Basin
图 4 准噶尔盆地东北缘石炭系烃源岩热模拟液态烃产率
Figure 4. Liquid hydrocarbon yield of Carboniferous source rock on the northeastern margin of Junggar Basin
图 5 准噶尔盆地东北缘石炭系烃源岩气态产烃率
Figure 5. Gas hydrocarbon yield of Carboniferous source rock on the northeastern margin of Junggar Basin
图 6 准噶尔盆地东北缘石炭系烃源岩热模拟产烃率
Figure 6. Total hydrocarbon yield of Carboniferous source rocks on the northeastern margin of Junggar Basin
图 7 准噶尔盆地东北缘石炭系烃源岩埋藏生烃史
Figure 7. Burial and hydrocarbon generation histories of Carboniferous source rocks on the northeastern margin of the Junggar Basin
图 8 准噶尔盆地东北缘石炭系不同类型烃源岩供烃模式地质时期相对供烃能力演化过程示意
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of evolution process of relative hydrocarbon supply ability of different types of Carboniferous source rocks on the northeastern margin of the Junggar Basin during geological period
图 9 准噶尔盆地东北缘石炭系烃源岩供烃单元划分
Figure 9. Division of hydrocarbon supply units of Carboniferous source rocks on the northeastern margin of the Junggar Basin
表 1 准噶尔盆地东北缘石炭系不同环境烃源岩地化特征参数
Table 1. Geochemical characteristic parameters of source rocks in different Carboniferous environments on the northeastern margin of the Junggar Basin
表 2 准噶尔盆地东北缘石炭系模拟实验烃源岩样品基本地化特征参数
Table 2. Basic geochemical characteristic parameters of experimental samples of Carboniferous source rocks on the northeastern margin of the Junggar Basin
钻井/剖面 井段/m 层位 岩性 ω(TOC)/% S1/(mg/g) S2/(mg/g) IH/(mg/g) 干酪根类型 Ro/% 乌参1井 5 666~5 696 C1j 深灰色泥岩 1.22 0.68 5.16 423 Ⅱ1型 1.56 准北6井 4 064~4 075 C1j 深灰色凝灰质泥岩 3.08 0.46 4.49 146 Ⅲ型 0.81 准北6井 4 590~4 600 C1j 深灰色凝灰质泥岩 1.99 0.28 2.89 145 Ⅲ型 0.91 准北3井 4 482~4 491 C2b 灰黑色碳质泥岩 12.86 2.06 16.97 132 Ⅲ型 0.87 滴北1井 2 893 C1j 深灰色凝灰质泥岩 0.68 0.02 0.54 79.4 Ⅲ型 0.57 滴水泉剖面 C1j 深灰色凝灰质泥岩 1.67 0.33 1.54 92.2 Ⅲ型 0.81 
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