Evaluation and optimization of "engineering sweet spot" in deep shale reservoir: case study on Yongchuan and Dingshan areas in southern Sichuan
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摘要: 四川盆地深层地质条件复杂，页岩储层埋藏深度大，气井产能普遍偏低，压裂施工面临极大挑战。为寻找深层页岩气“工程甜点”，以永川、丁山地区为例，利用钻井、岩心、成像测井、地震等资料，基于实测岩石力学参数、天然裂缝发育程度、天然裂缝有效性、水平应力差以及水平井轨迹与最小水平主应力夹角，对永川、丁山地区深层页岩储层水力压裂效果影响因素进行深入探讨。研究结果表明，川南永川、丁山地区龙一段31小层脆性最好，为压裂首选目的层；离断层越近，泵压和施工压力越升高，改造体积下降；水力裂缝与天然裂缝夹角在55°左右时，可以保证裂缝具有较好的延伸与转向能力；在高硅质页岩段和断层带内，最小水平主应力越小，水力裂缝越易扩散；水平井轨迹与最大水平主应力方位夹角越大，压裂效果越好。最终建立了永川、丁山复杂构造区海相页岩气“工程甜点”的评价指标体系，优选出永川、丁山Ⅰ类地质工程“甜点”区。Abstract: In the Sichuan Basin, geologic conditions are complex in deep layers. Burial depth of shale reservoirs is high. Gas well productivity is widespread low, and hydraulic fracturing confronts with extremely large challenges. In order to search for "engineering sweet spots" of deep shale gas layers, Yongchuan and Dingshan areas were taken as the examples. In-depth discussion was conducted on affecting factors of hydraulic fracturing results in deep shale reservoirs by drilling, core, imaging logging and seismic data, based on measured rock mechanical parameters, development degree of natural fractures, natural fracture effectiveness, horizontal stress difference and included angle between horizontal well track and the minimum main horizontal stress. Study results demonstrated that No.31 sublayer of the first member of Longmaxi Formation in Yongchuan and Dingshan areas, southern Sichuan had the best brittleness as the first-choice target horizon for hydraulic fracturing. Shorter distance from the faults, higher pump pressure and operational pressure, and smaller reconstructed volume. Good extension and turning capacity of the fractures could beguaranteed when included angle between hydraulic and natural fractures was roughly 55°. In silicon-rich shale and faulting zones, lower minimum main horizontal stress, easier-diffused hydraulic fractures. Higher included angle between horizontal well track and maximum main horizontal stress azimuth, better fracturing results. Finally, evaluation index system of "engineering sweet spots" for marine shale gas in complex structural areas of Yongchuan and Dingshan was constructed. Class Ⅰ geologic and engineering "sweet spots" were optimized in Yongchuan and Dingshan areas.
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图 1 川南永川、丁山地区结构构造特征
Figure 1. Structural characteristics of Yongchuan and Dingshan areas in southern Sichuan
图 2 川南地区永页1井临湘组—龙马溪组测井曲线
Figure 2. Logging curves of Linxiang-Longmaxi formations in well YY 1, southern Sichuan area
图 3 川南永川—丁山地区页岩储层脆性特征与产量的关系
Figure 3. Relationship between brittleness characteristics and production in shale reservoir in Yongchuan and Dingshan areas of southern Sichuan
图 4 川南永页1HF井水力压裂各段钻遇断层情况对缝网改造体积的影响
Figure 4. Effects of faults encountered in each section of well YY1HF hydraulic fracturing on fracture network stimulated volume, southern Sichuan
图 5 川南永页BHF井水力压裂各段裂缝发育程度对缝网改造及产能影响
Figure 5. Effects of fracture development degree of well YYBHF hydraulic fracturing sections on fracture network reconstruction and productivity
图 6 不同逼近角条件对体积改造影响模拟
图中白色线条代表节理方向
Figure 6. Simulation of effects of different approximation angle conditions on volume reconstruction
图 7 川南永页B井水力压裂各段水平最小主应力的横向变化对缝网改造体积的影响
Figure 7. Effects of transverse variation of minimum horizontal principal stress on fracture network reconstructed volume in well YYB, southern Sichuan
图 8 川南丁页EHF井水力压裂各段两向差应力系数对缝网改造体积的影响
Figure 8. Effects of two-way differential stress coefficient of each section of hydraulic fracturing on fracture network reconstructed volume in well DYEHF, southern Sichuan
图 9 川南永川地区龙一段31小层“工程甜点”分布
Figure 9. Distribution of "engineering sweet spots" in No.31 sublayer, first member of Longmaxi Formation, Yongchuan area, southern Sichuan
图 10 川南丁山地区龙一段31小层页岩气“工程甜点”分布
Figure 10. Distribution of shale gas "engineering sweet spots" in No.31 sublayer, first member of Longmaxi Formation, Dingshan area, southern Sichuan
表 1 川南永川、丁山地区不同差应力条件下单井日产气量统计
Table 1. Statistics on daily gas production of single well within various differential stresses in Yongchuan and Dingshan areas in southern Sichuan
井号 地应力差值/MPa 地应力差异系数 日产气量/104 m3 永页1 11.1 0.13 10.36 永页A 11.5 0.11 7.34 永页D 15.8 0.16 7.16 永页B 17.1 0.17 3.20 永页E 17.4 0.26 7.18 丁页A 11.4 0.18 3.40 丁页B 19.0 0.18 4.90 丁页C 12.0 0.19 2.70 
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表 2 川南永川南区各井水平井偏方位角对破裂压力和气产量的影响
Table 2. Statistics on effects of deviation azimuth angle of horizontal wells on fracturing pressure and gas production in southern Yongchuan area, southern Sichuan
井 水平井段 最大水平主应力方位/(°) 井轨迹与水平主应力方位的夹角/(°) 破裂压力/MPa 单井日产量/104 m3 永页1 1-1HF 107~115 57~62 65.7~77.8 11.27 1HF 110~117 60~67 67.5~79.8 10.36 1-2HF 107~118 63~64 69.4~77.1 13.97 1-4HF 117~134 72~83 67.7~77.2 10.24 永页G G-1HF 147~149 20~25 77.0~87.0 7.89 G-2HF 171~127 69~127 73.0~81.0 13.53
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表 3 川南永川、丁山地区页岩气“工程甜点”评价指标体系
Table 3. Evaluation index system of shale gas "engineering sweet spots" in Yongchuan and Dingshan areas, southern Sichuan
评价参数 权重 评分 Ⅰ类(100~80) Ⅱ类(80~60) Ⅲ类(60~40) Ⅳ类(< 40) 断裂构造及有利区位置 构造埋深/m 0.05 2 000~3 500 3 500~3 800 3 800~4 500 >4 500 构造部位 0.05 断背斜宽缓核部 有断层遮挡的宽缓褶皱两翼 开阔褶皱核部 紧闭褶皱核部、开阔褶皱翼部 距大型断裂距离/km 0.10 ≥5 3~ < 5 1~ < 3 < 1 距小型断裂距离/km 0.05 ≥3 2~ < 3 1~ < 2 < 1 天然裂缝 裂缝发育指数(FF) 0.20 0.8~ < 0.9 0.6~ < 0.8 0.4~ < 0.6 < 0.4 岩石力学性质 脆性指标(E/λ) 0.25 ≥2.5 2.0~ < 2.5 1.5~ < 2.0 < 1.5 地应力场 应力差异系数K 0.10 < 0.25 0.25~ < 0.30 0.30~ < 0.35 ≥0.35 地层压力系数 0.10 ≥1.8 1.6~ < 1.8 1.4~ < 1.6 < 1.4
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