Recent progress in the theory and technology of microbial prospecting for oil and gas
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摘要: 在油气藏中轻烃微渗漏机理的基础上，开展了油气微生物勘探技术研究。油气藏中的轻烃部分（C1—C5）以微渗漏的形式穿过其上方的地层，在近地表土壤中引发了专门以轻烃为食的微生物的发育，因此含油气区地表的微生物在浓度、种群和结构方面，都跟下伏无油气藏的地区有所区别。通过分析这些异常特征，可以对油气富集区及油气藏进行研究和预测。近年来，开展了一系列技术与理论探索，建立了分子生物学检测方法，实现了从油气指示微生物数量向群落结构、群落演替规律的研究，建立了群落解析技术。持续三年的人工模拟结果表明，不同烃类组分驯化下微生物及群落结构出现明显差异性和响应关系，发现的菌种与实际油气藏上方的高度一致，为微生物勘探提供了理论支持。针对不同地理条件、不同油气藏类型的油气区样品，进行了环境条件、油气地球化学与油气微生物类群分布的相关性研究，分析了油气藏地表土壤样品原位的微生物特征，初步构建了我国主要含油气盆地油气指示菌数据库。应用研究表明，地表微生物异常与油气藏位置呈现较好的关联性，在各种不同类型油气藏上方微生物异常都能很好地体现油气藏的“生理体征”。结合石油地质和地球物理资料，油气微生物勘探技术可以有效预测有利油气富集区，具有良好的勘探应用前景。由此提出了下一步油气微生物勘探九大发展趋势和方向。Abstract: Microbial prospecting for oil and gas (MPOG) is a surface exploration technology derived from the principle of light hydrocarbon micro-seepage from oil and gas reservoirs. The light hydrocarbons (C1-C5) in oil and gas reservoirs permeate the overlying sedimentary layer in the way of micro-seepage, which induces the growth of microorganisms specializing in the consumption of light hydrocarbons in near-surface soil. As a result, the microbial concentration and community structure in oil and gas areas will be different from that without underlying oil and gas reservoirs. By analyzing the abnormal characteristics of microbial concentration and community structure, the oil and gas enrichment areas and oil and gas reservoirs are predicted. In recent years, the research team has established sample acquisition and pretreatment techniques for different geomorphology and surface types, and combined with traditional culturing and molecular biology methods, the precise diagnosis of oil and gas from the perspective of both hydrocarbon indication microorganism quantity and community structure is realized. The artificial simulation results lasting three years show that there are obvious differences and responsive relationships between the microorganisms and community structure under the acclimation of different hydrocarbon components. The strains found are consistent with the actual oil and gas reservoir, providing a theory basis for microbial exploration. In addition, the correlation among environmental conditions, hydrocarbon geochemistry and hydrocarbon microbial group distribution was studied using different oil and gas reservoir types and different geographical conditions. The rule of microbial community in situ of oil and gas reservoir samples was analyzed, and a database of oil and gas indicators in typical oil and gas basins in China was preliminarily constructed. The results showed that the surface microbial anomaly was closely related to the location of oil and gas reservoirs, and can reflectthe characteristics of oil and gas reservoirs of different types. Combined with petroleum geology and geophysical data, the microbial exploration technology can effectively predict the favorable enrichment areas of oil and gas. This paper also presents nine development trends of MPOG.
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Key words:
- microbial prospecting /
- microbial community /
- database /
- artificial simulation
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图 1 油气勘探微生物分子生物学检测技术框架
Figure 1. Technical framework for molecular biology detection of microorganisms in oil and gas exploration
图 2 典型油气藏上方土壤中的甲烷氧化菌、丁烷氧化菌及化探丰度场分布特征
Figure 2. Distribution characteristics of methane oxidizing bacteria, butane oxidizing bacteria and geochemical abundance field in soil above typical oil and gas reservoirs
图 3 人工模拟条件下油气微生物变化特征
Figure 3. Characteristics of oil and gas microbial changes under artificial simulation conditions
图 4 准噶尔西北缘某区块甲烷氧化菌异常分布
Figure 4. Distribution of methane oxidizing bacteria anomalies in a block on the NW margin of Junggar Basin
图 5 塔里木盆地顺北油田顺北1井区微生物异常分布
Figure 5. Distribution of microbial anomalies in Shunbei 1 well area of Shunbei Oil Field, Tarim Basin
表 1 近期国内外油气微生物勘探应用概况
Table 1. Overview of recent oil and gas microbial exploration applications at home and abroad
公司/研究机构 勘探应用区块 勘探资源类型 主体检测技术 无锡石油地质研究所 松辽、渤海湾、苏北、塔里木、鄂尔多斯、准噶尔盆地等 常规油气、页岩气、水合物、煤层气 传统培养、分子生物学 长江大学 松辽、鄂尔多斯、渤海湾盆地等 常规油气藏、页岩气(试验) 传统培养、分子生物学 盎亿泰 柴达木、四川、渤海湾、东海、南海 常规油气藏、冻土区水合物(试验) 传统培养，分子生物学 美国地质微生物公司 美洲、非洲和亚洲各大含油气盆地 常规油气、页岩气、煤层气 传统培养 美国EBT公司 美洲为主 常规油气、页岩气 传统培养 E&P油田服务公司 欧洲、亚洲、美洲各大含油气盆地 常规油气、页岩气 传统培养 德国MicroPro实验室 欧洲各大盆地及北海 常规油气 传统培养 印度地球物理研究院 印度坎贝、德干隆、古德伯盆地 常规油气 传统培养 阿根廷Larriestia公司 萨利纳斯、阿根廷内乌肯盆地等 常规油气 传统培养 荷兰Biodentify公司 欧洲、北美 页岩气 分子生物学 英国EnvironGene公司 英国福姆比油田、中非裂谷盆地等 常规油气 分子生物学 注：不完全统计，截至2019年11月。 
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