Quantitative analysis of development characteristics of pores, caves, and fractures in reservoirs controlled by sedimentary microfacies: a case study of dolomites in Sinian Dengying Formation, Penglai gas area, Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 针对四川盆地蓬莱气区震旦系灯影组白云岩储层沉积微相类型与物性关系不明确的问题，旨在精确描述其储层孔隙结构特征及其与沉积微相的对应关系，本研究选取川中古隆起蓬莱气区震旦系灯影组二段碳酸盐岩储层为研究对象，基于钻井取心资料，综合运用岩石薄片、铸体薄片、成像测井等分析手段，系统划分研究区沉积微相类型；利用岩心高清滚扫技术，对全取心段进行孔、洞、缝级别的划分与定量统计。蓬莱气区震旦系灯影组二段主要发育丘核、丘翼、丘坪、丘基、丘盖、静水云泥等6种沉积微相，不同类型的沉积微相具有不同的岩性组合及成像测井特征。研究区储集空间按大小和流体运移性能差异划分为晶间孔、晶间溶孔、小尺度孔隙型溶洞、中尺度孔隙型溶洞、大尺度裂缝型溶洞、构造缝和溶蚀缝共7类，其中晶间孔、晶间溶孔数量占优但面积占比小，中、大型溶洞对储集空间的贡献更显著。沉积微相对储层发育具有明显的控制作用，依据孔、洞、缝发育程度及其与裂缝发育规模的匹配性，将研究区储层划分为以丘核、丘翼为代表的高孔—高渗储层、以丘坪—静水云泥为代表的高孔—低渗储层和以丘基、丘盖为代表的低孔—低渗储层等3类。Abstract: Regarding the uncertainties in understanding the relationship between sedimentary microfacies types and their physical properties of dolomite reservoirs in the Sinian Dengying Formation, Penglai gas area, Sichuan Basin, the study aims to accurately describe the pore structure characteristics of these reservoirs and their correlation with sedimentary microfacies. The carbonate reservoirs in the second member of the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Penglai gas area of the Central Sichuan Paleouplift were selected as the research object. Based on drilling core data, with comprehensive analyses of thin sections, cast thin sections, and imaging logging data, the sedimentary microfacies types in the study area were systematically classified. High-resolution rotating-drum core scanning technology was applied to classify and quantitatively analyze the pores, caves, and fractures throughout the entire core section. Six sedimentary microfacies were mainly developed in the second member of the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Penglai gas area, including mound core, mound flank, mound flat, mound base, mound cap, and still-water dolomite mud. Different sedimentary microfacies exhibited distinct lithological assemblages and imaging logging characteristics. The reservoir space in the study area was classified into seven types based on size and fluid migration capacity: intercrystalline pores, intercrystalline dissolved pores, small-scale pore-type caves, medium-scale pore-type caves, large-scale fracture-type caves, structural fractures, and dissolution fractures. Intercrystalline pores and intercrystalline dissolved pores were dominant in number but accounted for a smaller area, while small-, medium-, and large-scale caves contributed more significantly to reservoir space. Sedimentary microfacies exerted a significant influence on reservoir development. Based on the development degree of pores, caves, and fractures and their correlation with fracture development scale, the reservoirs in the study area could be classified into three types: high porosity and high permeability reservoirs represented by mound cores and mound flanks; high porosity and low permeability reservoirs represented by mound flats and still-water dolomite mud; and low porosity and low permeability reservoirs represented by mound bases and mound caps.
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图 1 四川盆地蓬莱气区震旦系灯影组沉积微相分布(a)及地层综合柱状图(b)
Figure 1. Sedimentary microfacies distribution (a), and comprehensive stratigraphic column (b) of Sinian Dengying Formation, Penglai gas area, Sichuan Basin
图 2 四川盆地蓬莱气区震旦系灯影组岩心滚扫人工识别及定量化分析方法
a.蓬探101井，灯二段，5 777.87~5 777.98 m，岩心滚扫图像；b.蓬探101井，灯二段，5 777.87~5 777.98 m，岩心孔隙结构发育情况素描图；c.基于岩心滚扫资料开展定量化分析流程图。
Figure 2. Rotating-drum core scanning and manual identification, and quantitative analysis methods for Sinian Dengying Formation in Penglai gas area, Sichuan Basin
图 3 四川盆地蓬莱气区震旦系灯影组微生物(藻)丘与丘滩间亚相沉积特征
a.丘核微相；b.丘翼微相；c.丘坪微相；d.丘基微相；e.丘盖微相；f.静水云泥微相。
Figure 3. Sedimentary characteristics of microbial (algal) mound and inter-mound and shoal subfacies in Sinian Dengying Formation, Penglai gas area, Sichuan Basin
图 4 四川盆地蓬莱气区震旦系灯影组蓬探101井取心段各岩石类型(a)与沉积微相厚度占比(b)
Figure 4. Proportion of each rock type (a) and sedimentary microfacies thickness (b) in core section from well Pengtan-101 in Sinian Dengying Formation, Penglai gas area, Sichuan Basin
图 5 四川盆地蓬莱气区震旦系灯影组蓬探101井取心段孔、洞、缝数量统计
Figure 5. Quantitative statistics of pores, caves, and fractures in core section of well Pengtan-101 in Sinian Dengying Formation, Penglai gas area, Sichuan Basin
图 6 四川盆地蓬莱气区震旦系灯影组蓬探101井取心段各沉积微相中不同类型孔、洞、缝分布密度
Figure 6. Distribution desity of different types of pores, caves, and fractures in different sedimentary microfacies of core section from well Pengtan-101 in Sinian Dengying Formation, Penglai gas area, Sichuan Basin
图 7 四川盆地蓬莱气区震旦系灯影组蓬探101井取心段各沉积微相储集特征
a.各沉积微相储集空间面积占比；b.各沉积微相不同类型储集空间绝对面积与数量分布。N表示孔、洞、缝的数量。
Figure 7. Reservoir characteristics of sedimentary microfacies in core section from well Pengtan-101 in Sinian Dengying Formation, Penglai gas area, Sichuan Basin
表 1 四川盆地及周缘地区震旦系灯影组白云岩台地边缘相特征及划分
Table 1. Characteristics and classification of platform marginal facies of dolomites in Sinian Dengying Formation of Sichuan Basin and peripheral areas
亚相 微相 典型岩石组合 纵向组合 沉积构造 颜色 常规测井 成像测井 微生物丘 丘盖 泥晶白云岩 微生物丘亚相顶部 水平层理 灰色 中—高伽马、高电阻率、AC-CNL镜像特征明显、三孔隙度曲线(密度、声速、补偿中子)显示孔隙发育差 亮黄色层状 丘坪 微生物(藻) 纹层白云岩 丘核/丘基微相之上 鸟眼、帐篷、干裂 灰色—灰白色 高伽马、高电阻率、AC平直、CNL低值、三孔隙度曲线显示孔隙发育差 亮黄色块状 丘核 叠层石白云岩、凝块石白云岩 丘基微相之上 波状、半球状叠层 灰色 低伽马、中—低电阻率、三孔隙度曲线显示孔隙发育好 凝块：暗斑大小不一；叠层：暗色不规则层状 丘翼 砾屑白云岩 微生物丘亚相其他微相之上 粒序层理、冲刷面 灰色 中—低伽马、中—低电阻率、三孔隙度曲线显示孔隙发育好 棕—黄色，暗斑大小均匀 丘基 砂屑白云岩、泥晶白云岩、鲕粒白云岩互层 微生物丘亚相 平行层理、斜层理 灰色—深灰色 中—低伽马、中—低电阻率、三孔隙度曲线显示孔隙发育中等 棕—黄色，暗斑大小均匀 丘滩间洼地 静水云泥 泥晶白云岩、泥质白云岩 与微生物丘、浅滩亚相交替 水平层理 灰色—深灰色 高伽马、低电阻率、三孔隙度曲线显示孔隙发育中等 黑色层状、块状 浅滩 鲕滩 鲕粒白云岩 与丘滩间海、微生物丘交替 平行层理、斜层理 灰色—灰白色 中—低伽马、中电阻率、三孔隙度曲线显示孔隙发育中等 棕—黄色，暗斑大小均匀 砂屑滩 砂屑白云岩 与丘滩间海、微生物丘交替 平行层理、斜层理、冲刷面 灰色—灰白色 中—低伽马、中电阻率、三孔隙度曲线显示孔隙发育差 棕—黄色，暗斑大小均匀 
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表 2 四川盆地蓬莱气区震旦系灯影组储层储集空间类型划分标准
Table 2. Classification standards for storage space types of reservoirs in Sinian Dengying Formation of Penglai gas area, Sichuan Basin
类型 特征 成因及特征 主控因素 孔 晶间孔 直径0.01~0.1 mm 同生—准同生成岩阶段，由于白云石化、重结晶等作用，晶体体积增大，晶间孔隙空间增加 白云石化、重结晶 晶间溶孔 直径0.1~2 mm 晶间孔在溶蚀作用下，孔径扩大，形成晶间溶孔。一般呈椭圆状，可见港湾状溶蚀边界 溶蚀 洞 小尺度孔隙型溶洞 直径2~5 mm 在孔隙基础上进一步溶蚀扩大形成 溶蚀 中尺度孔隙型溶洞 直径5~10 mm 溶蚀作用进一步加强，洞径进一步扩大到5~10 mm，主要分布于晶粒较粗的白云岩中。多为不规则椭圆状，局部成蜂窝状、斑点状，连通性较好，部分中尺度孔隙型溶洞被白云石结晶或沥青充填或半充填 溶蚀 大尺度裂缝型溶洞 直径＞10 mm 在强烈溶蚀作用下，洞径继续扩大，达10 mm以上，甚至可达20~ 50 mm洞径，形成大尺度裂缝型溶洞。大尺度裂缝型溶洞一般位于裂缝两侧或附近，可见白云石结晶充填或半充填 溶蚀 缝 构造缝 张开度一般＜50 μm (借助显微镜、CT扫描等手段进行放大后观察和描述的裂缝) 多由构造破裂作用形成。裂缝面平直，部分呈丝状分布，以中—高角度为主 构造应力 溶蚀缝 张开度一般＞50 μm (岩心、露头及测井响应特征上直接观察和描述的裂缝) 受溶蚀作用主控，溶蚀作用使裂缝宽度增大，部分溶蚀缝内部充填白云石胶结物或沥青 构造溶蚀
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