Diagenesis and pore evolution of tight reservoirs in glutenite section of Bachu Formation, Tahe Oilfield
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摘要: 石炭系巴楚组砂砾岩段储层致密，是塔河油田未来重要的勘探目的层，但研究非常薄弱，特别是储层成岩作用和孔隙演化不清，严重影响了巴楚组砂砾岩段致密油气的勘探开发。基于巴楚组岩性和沉积相分析，利用岩心、X衍射、铸体薄片、扫描电镜和阴极发光等资料，对塔河油田西部和东部地区巴楚组砂砾岩和砂岩的成岩作用、孔隙演化及其差异进行了系统的研究对比。巴楚组砂砾岩段岩石类型多样，以砂岩和砂砾岩为主，西部地区储层的成分成熟度、结构成熟度、储层物性均高于东部地区。砂砾岩段储层成岩作用以压实作用、胶结作用和溶蚀作用为主，西部地区主要成岩作用为较强的压实作用，强烈的溶蚀作用，中等—较强的胶结作用；东部地区压实作用也较强，而胶结作用更强，溶蚀作用偏弱。结合镜质体反射率、伊蒙混层中蒙脱石的比例以及含铁方解石的出现，认为塔河油田西部和东部地区砂砾岩的成岩阶段均进入中成岩B期。孔隙演化与成岩作用密切相关，西部地区砂岩经过成岩作用，孔隙度由38.8%变为8.8%，砂砾岩孔隙度则由30.5%变为4.5%；东部地区砂砾岩段储层孔隙度经成岩演化由27.0%变为4.0%。该研究可为塔河油田巴楚组砂砾岩段致密油储层评价、勘探开发与甜点优选提供参考。Abstract: The tight reservoirs in the glutenite section of the Carboniferous Bachu Formation in the Tahe Oilfield represent an important future exploration target. However, research on these reservoirs remains quite limited, particularly regarding diagenesis and pore evolution, which severely restricts the exploration and development of tight oil and gas in the glutenite section of the Bachu Formation. Based on the analysis of lithology and sedimentary facies of the Bachu Formation, this study systematically compared diagenesis, pore evolution, and their differ-ences between glutenite and sandstone in the western and eastern areas of the Tahe Oilfield. The analysis integrated core observations, X-ray diffraction, cast thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, and cathodoluminescence data. The rock types in the glutenite section of the Bachu Formation in Tahe Oilfield were diverse, mainly composed of sandstone and glutenite. The compositional maturity, structural maturity, and physical properties of the reservoirs in the western area were higher than those in the eastern area. Reservoir diagenesis in the glutenite section was mainly characterized by compaction, cementation, and dissolution. In the western area, the main diagenetic processes were strong compaction, intense dissolution, and moderate to strong cementation. In the eastern area, compaction was also strong, cementation was even stronger, but dissolution was relatively weak. Based on vitrinite reflectance (Ro), the proportion of montmorillonite in the mixed layers of illite and montmorillonite, and the occurrence of iron-bearing calcite, it was concluded that the glutenite in both the western and eastern areas of the Tahe Oilfield entered the middle diagenesis stage B. Pore evolution was closely related to diagenesis. In the western area, the porosity of sandstone decreased from 38.8% to 8.8% after diagenesis, while the porosity of glutenite decreased from 30.5% to 4.5%. In the eastern area, the porosity of reservoirs in the glutenite section decreased from 27.0% to 4.0% through diagenetic evolution. This study provides a reference for the evaluation, exploration and development, and sweet spot selection of tight oil reservoirs in the glutenite section of the Bachu Formation in the Tahe Oilfield.
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Key words:
- diagenesis /
- pore evolution /
- glutenite /
- tight reservoir /
- Bachu Formation /
- Carboniferous /
- Tahe Oilfield
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图 2 塔河油田巴楚组砂砾岩段岩石类型
a.西部地区巴楚组砂砾岩段岩石类型三角图；b.西部地区W8井，5 458.59 m，油迹细砂岩；c.西部地区W4井，5 576.80 m，中砾岩；d.东部地区巴楚组砂砾岩段岩石类型三角图；e.东部地区W18井，5 338.80 m，浅灰色油迹细砂岩；f.东部地区W19井，5 302.00 m，浅灰色灰质中—粗砾岩。
Figure 2. Rock types of glutenite section in Bachu Formation, Tahe Oilfield
图 3 塔河油田巴楚组砂砾岩段储集空间类型
a.西部W7井，5 449.47 m，粗砂岩，粒间溶孔与岩屑溶孔；b.西部W7井，5 449.47 m，粗砂岩，粒间溶孔；c.西部W10井，5 327.72 m，中砂岩，长石颗粒被溶蚀；d.西部W10井，5 329.45 m，中砂岩，岩屑溶蚀及微裂缝；e.西部W9井，5 394.31 m，灰质角砾岩，微裂缝；f.西部W4井，5 576.96 m，中砾岩，岩屑溶蚀孔；g.东部W19井，5 302.2 m，中砂岩，胶结致密，孔隙很少；h.东部W17井，5 452.89 m，细砂岩，少量石英溶蚀孔；i.东部W19井，5 300.25 m，含砾粉晶灰岩，微裂缝。
Figure 3. Types of storage space of glutenite section in Bachu Formation, Tahe Oilfield
图 4 塔河油田巴楚组砂砾岩段压实作用特征
a.西部W9井，5 394.31 m，不等粒岩屑长石砂岩，碎屑颗粒间主要为点接触—线接触，长石表面土化及绢云母化，绢云母发生塑性形变；b.东部W3井，5 626.56 m，不等粒岩屑砂岩，碎屑颗粒间主要为点接触，云母及泥质物质发生塑性形变；c.西部W10井，5 327.72 m，中砂岩，刚性颗粒之间呈现凹凸接触，石英颗粒间发生刚性破裂出现裂缝；d.东部W19井，5 300.25 m，含砾粉晶灰岩，刚性颗粒之间呈现凹凸接触，石英颗粒间发生刚性破裂出现裂缝。
Figure 4. Compaction characteristics of glutenite section in Bachu Formation, Tahe Oilfield
图 5 塔河油田巴楚组砂砾岩段胶结作用特征
a.西部W4井，5 576.96 m，中砾岩，方解石发橙红、橙黄色光，白云石发红色、玫红色光；b.西部W3井，5 619.51 m，砾岩，碎屑石英主要发黑褐色光，方解石发橙红、橙黄色光；c.西部W3井，5 619.51 m，砾岩，泥晶方解石胶结；d.东部W17井，5 452.89 m，细砂岩，细晶结构方解石晶体呈似斑晶状嵌于泥晶结构方解石晶体集合体中；e.东部W19井，5 301.84 m，含砾中砂岩，石英发黑褐色光，方解石分2期发深褐色、橙红橙黄色光；f.西部W10井，5 327.72 m，中砂岩，石英次生加大；g.西部W10井，5 329.45 m，中砂岩，次生石英晶体及片丝状伊利石集合体充填于粒间孔隙中；h.东部W13井，5 499.52 m，细粉砂岩，石英次生加大，次生石英晶体附着于碎屑颗粒表面、充填于粒间孔隙中；i.东部W13井，5 499.52 m，细粉砂岩，次生石英晶体及方解石晶体充填于粒间孔隙中；j.西部W10井，5 327.72 m，中砂岩，片状高岭石集合体充填于粒间孔隙中，其中夹杂片丝状伊利石；k.东部W19井，5 300.25 m，细砾岩，片丝状伊利石充填于方解石晶体之间；l.东部W19井，5 300.25 m，细砂岩，片丝状伊利石集合体充填于方解石晶体之间。
Figure 5. Cementation characteristics of glutenite section in Bachu Formation, Tahe Oilfield
图 6 塔河油田巴楚组砂砾岩段储层黏土矿物含量
Figure 6. Clay mineral content of reservoirs in glutenite section of Bachu Formation, Tahe Oilfield
图 7 塔河油田巴楚组砂砾岩段溶蚀作用特征
a.西部W11井，5 295.23 m，含砾泥晶灰岩，可见方解石溶蚀孔，直径约0.5 cm；b.西部W1井，5 850.62 m，杂色中砾岩，见溶蚀孔；c.东部W18井，5 336.20 m，泥质粉砂岩，溶蚀孔少见；d.西部W4井，5 329.45 m，长石颗粒沿解理被溶蚀，形成格架状粒内溶孔，次生石英晶体充填于颗间溶孔中；e.西部W4井，5 576.96 m，中砾岩，火成岩岩屑溶蚀；f.东部W13井，5 499.52 m，少量石英溶蚀孔。
Figure 7. Dissolution characteristics of glutenite section in Bachu Formation, Tahe Oilfield
图 8 塔河油田巴楚组砂砾岩段成岩阶段判别依据
Figure 8. Identification criteria for diagenetic stages of glutenite section in Bachu Formation, Tahe Oilfield
图 9 塔河油田西部地区W5井砂砾岩段埋藏史及孔隙演化
Figure 9. Burial history and pore evolution of glutenite section in well W5, western area of Tahe Oilfield
图 10 塔河油田东部地区W19井砂砾岩段埋藏史及孔隙演化
因W19井未分析测试砂岩数据，故未绘制砂岩孔隙演化曲线。
Figure 10. Burial history and pore evolution of glutenite section in well W19, eastern area of Tahe Oilfield
表 1 塔河油田巴楚组砂砾岩段岩石学特征
Table 1. Petrological characteristics of glutenite section in Bachu Formation, Tahe Oilfield
岩性 西部砂岩 东部砂岩 西部砂砾岩 东部砂砾岩 岩石类型 石英、长石石英和岩屑石英砂岩 长石石英、岩屑石英和长石岩屑砂岩 石英、岩屑石英和岩屑砂砾岩 岩屑石英和岩屑砂砾岩 矿物含量/% 石英 15.0~99.0/78.2 15.0~95.0/74.0 15.0~98.0/68.2 10.0~82.0/57.1 长石 1.0~55.0/8.0 3.0~40.0/11.6 0~80.0/10.3 2.0~10.0/6.8 岩屑 1.0~80.0/13.8 2.0~65.0/14.4 1.0~84.0/21.5 8.0~85.0/36.1 最大粒径/mm 0.10~0.96/0.45 0.12~0.99/0.46 1.00~24.00/3.60 1.00~32.00/6.70 主要粒径/mm 0.06~0.25 0.08~0.36 0.20~2.00 0.20~2.50 分选 中等—好 中等—好 中等—差 中等—差 磨圆 次圆、次棱—次圆为主 次圆为主，其次为次棱—次圆及次圆—圆 次圆、次棱—次圆为主 次圆为主，其次为次棱—次圆 胶结物 以灰质胶结为主，含少量云质、硅质胶结 以灰质胶结为主，含少量云质、硅质胶结 以灰质胶结为主 灰质胶结为主，含少量云质胶结 胶结类型 孔隙式胶结为主，部分连晶式胶结和晶粒镶嵌 以孔隙式胶结为主，部分凝块—孔隙式胶结 孔隙式胶结为主，含部分连晶式镶嵌 以孔隙式和基底式胶结为主 颗粒支撑方式 颗粒支撑 颗粒支撑 颗粒支撑 颗粒及颗粒杂基支撑 成熟度 好————————————————————————————————→差 注：表中数值意义为最小值~最大值/平均值。 
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表 2 塔河油田巴楚组砂砾岩段物性特征
Table 2. Physical property characteristics of glutenite section in Bachu Formation, Tahe Oilfield
岩性 孔隙度/% 平均孔隙度/% 孔隙度主要分布区间/% 渗透率/(10-3 μm2) 平均渗透率/(10-3 μm2) 渗透率主要分布区间/(10-3 μm2) 储层分类 西部地区砂岩 0.4~25.5 8.8 2~12 0.007~419 15.64 0.01~10 特低孔特低渗 西部地区砂砾岩 1.8~9.8 4.0 1~5 0.03~9.39 1.07 0.01~1 超低孔超低渗(致密) 东部地区砂岩 0.9~26.6 4.1 1~5 0.002 6~2.67 0.27 0.01~1 超低孔超低渗(致密) 东部地区砂砾岩 3.6 0.04 超低孔超低渗(致密)
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表 3 塔河油田巴楚组砂砾岩段储层主要成岩作用类型
Table 3. Main types of diagenesis of reservoirs in glutenite section of Bachu Formation, Tahe Oilfield
成岩作用类型 发生的主要成岩变化 对孔隙的影响 压实作用 云母、泥质岩岩屑等柔性的变形和石英、长石、岩屑等刚性颗粒的破裂；颗粒由游离状变为点线接触 破坏 胶结作用 碳酸盐胶结 泥晶、亮晶的无铁方解石，部分被交代为铁方解石 破坏大于建设 石英胶结 石英次生加大及自生微晶石英 黏土矿物胶结 充填在孔隙中的高岭石、伊利石、伊蒙混层 破坏 溶蚀作用 颗粒溶蚀、岩屑溶蚀，可见石英溶蚀孔 建设
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