北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷始新统流沙港组三段油源对比与源下成藏机理——以涠洲11区为例

李兴; 吴克强; 李明; 胡德胜; 焦立波

doi:10.11781/sysydz2025051075

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷始新统流沙港组三段油源对比与源下成藏机理——以涠洲11区为例

doi: 10.11781/sysydz2025051075

中海石油(中国)有限公司湛江分公司南海西部石油研究院，广东湛江 524057

基金项目:

“十四五”全国油气资源评价项目 QGYQZYPJ2022-3

中海石油(中国)有限公司前瞻基础研究项目 KJQZ-2024-2003

详细信息

作者简介:
李兴(1986—)，男，硕士，工程师，主要从事油气地球化学与成藏研究。E-mail: lixing4@cnooc.com.cn

中图分类号: TE122.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-12-26
- 修回日期: 2025-08-03
- 刊出日期: 2025-09-28

Oil and source correlation and sub-source hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms of the third member of Eocene Liushagang Formation in Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin: a case study of Weizhou 11 area

Western South China Sea Petroleum Research Institute, Zhanjiang Branch, CNOOC, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524057, China

摘要

摘要: 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷始新统流沙港组三段(简称流三段)勘探程度相对较低，是原油增储上产的重要领域。近年来，该凹陷涠洲11区源下流三段首次获得勘探突破，但油源及成藏机理认识不足制约了该区勘探进展。通过烃源岩与原油地化特征对比，结合成藏期次、成藏动力和运聚通道分析，明确源下成藏特征，构建了涠洲11区流三段成藏模式。涠洲11区流三段原油可划分为两类，第一类原油总体上C₃₀4-甲基甾烷丰度高、规则甾烷C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉呈“V”字形分布、全油和饱芳烃碳同位素较重，来源于生油高峰阶段的流二下亚段油页岩；第二类原油具C₃₀4-甲基甾烷丰度低、规则甾烷C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉呈“L”字形分布、全油和饱芳烃碳同位素偏轻等特征，为生油高峰—高熟阶段的流二下亚段和流三上亚段源岩共同供烃。流三段储层广泛发育石英颗粒内裂纹、愈合裂纹，其中石英颗粒内裂纹捕获的黄绿色、蓝绿色荧光包裹体对应原油成熟度小于1%，石英愈合裂纹捕获的蓝色荧光石油包裹体对应原油成熟度大于1%，揭示关键成藏期分别为25~16 Ma、16~7.5 Ma、7.5 Ma至今。烃源岩剩余压力与浮力是源下成藏的主要动力，流三段储层早期通过断层错开与主洼中心油页岩对接，浮力驱动成藏；中晚期本地油页岩开始进入生烃高峰，通过剩余压力进行源下充注，优质烃源岩与区域性剩余压力共同控制了涠洲11区原油富集。
- 油源对比 /
- 油页岩 /
- 剩余压力 /
- 源下成藏 /
- 流三段 /
- 涠西南凹陷 /
- 北部湾盆地
Abstract: The third member of the Eocene Liushagang Formation (LF) in the Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin, has relatively low exploration levels and is an important area for increasing crude oil reserves and production. In recent years, the first exploration breakthrough was achieved in the sub-source reservoirs in the third member of LF in the Weizhou 11 area, but limited understanding of its oil source and accumulation mechanism has restricted exploration progress in this area. By comparing the geochemical characteristics of source rocks and crude oil, combined with analysis of hydrocarbon accumulation history, driving forces, and accumulation and migration pathways, the sub-source accumulation characteristics were clarified, and the accumulation model for the third member of LF in the Weizhou 11 area of the Weixinan Depression was established. The crude oil in the third member of LF could be classified into two types. Type Ⅰ crude oil generally showed high abundance of C₃₀ 4-methylsteranes, V-shaped distribution of regular steranes C₂₇, C₂₈, C₂₉, and relatively heavy carbon isotopes in both whole oil and saturated aromatic hydrocarbons, originating from oil shales of the lower submember of the second member of LF during the peak oil generation stage. Type Ⅱ crude oil exhibited low abundance of C₃₀4-methylsteranes, L-shaped distribution of regular steranes C₂₇, C₂₈, and C₂₉, and lighter carbon isotopes of whole oil and saturated aromatic hydrocarbons, indicating mixed contributions from the lower submember of the second member and upper submember of the third member of LF source rocks during the peak and high maturity stages. Intra-granular fractures and healed fractures were widely developed in quartz grains within LF3 reservoirs. The intra-granular fractures of quartz grains contained yellow-green and blue-green fluorescent inclusions, corresponding to crude oil with maturity less than 1%. The healed fractures of quartz grains contained blue fluorescent inclusions, corresponding to crude oil with maturity greater than 1%. This revealed key hydrocarbon accumulation stages at 25-16 Ma, 16-7.5 Ma, and 7.5 Ma to present. The residual pressure and buoyancy of source rocks were the main driving forces for sub-source hydrocarbon accumulation. In the early stage, LF3 reservoirs connected with oil shales in the central sag through fault displacement, with buoyancy-driven accumulation. In the middle to late stages, local oil shales entered the hydrocarbon generation peak, with sub-source injection occurring under residual pressure. High-quality source rocks and regional residual pressure jointly controlled the enrichment of crude oil in the Weizhou 11 area.
- oil and source correlation /
- oil shale /
- residual pressure /
- sub-source hydrocarbon accumulation /
- third member of Liushagang Formation /
- Weixinan Depression /
- Beibu Gulf Basin
注释:

利益冲突声明/Conflict of Interests

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

All authors declare no relevant conflict of interests.

作者贡献/Authors’Contributions

李兴负责完成实验设计与论文初稿；吴克强负责论文的技术指导；李兴、李明、胡德胜、焦立波参与论文写作和修改。所有作者均阅读并同意最终稿件的提交。

The study was designed and the initial draft of this paper was completed by LI Xing. The technical guidance of this paper was provided by WU Keqiang. The manuscript was drafted and revised by LI Xing, LI Ming, HU Desheng, and JIAO Libo. All authors have read the final version of the paper and consented to its submission.

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图 1 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷位置(a)和构造分区(b)以及地层与构造事件柱状图(c)

Figure 1. Location (a), tectonic division (b), and stratigraphic and tectonic event column (c) of Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

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图 2 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷过涠洲11区地震剖面

剖面位置见图 1。

Figure 2. Seismic profile of Weizhou 11 area, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

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图 3 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲11区烃源岩生烃潜力与有机质类型判识

Figure 3. Hydrocarbon generation potential and organic matter type identification of source rocks in Weizhou 11 area, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

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图 4 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷始新统流沙港组烃源岩厚度等值线

Figure 4. Thickness contour maps of source rocks in Eocene Liushagang Formation, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

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图 5 北部湾盆地涠洲11区烃源岩甾萜烷质量色谱

Figure 5. Mass chromatograms of steranes and terpanes in source rocks in Weizhou 11 area, Beibu Gulf Basin

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图 6 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲11区始新统流沙港组三段原油甾萜烷对比

Figure 6. Correlation of steranes and terpanes in crude oil from the third member of Eocene Liushagang Formation in Weizhou 11 area, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

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图 7 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲11区始新统流沙港组三段原油—干酪根碳同位素与4MSI关系(a)及原油—干酪根饱和烃碳同位素与芳烃碳同位素关系(b)

Figure 7. Relationships between carbon isotopes of crude oil and kerogen and 4MSI (a), saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon carbon isotopes of crude oil and kerogen (b) in the third member of Eocene Liushagang Formation in Weizhou 11 area, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

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图 8 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲11区原油各参数相关性

Figure 8. Correlation of different parameters of crude oil in Weizhou 11 area, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

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图 9 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲11区始新统流沙港组三段包裹体显微照片与荧光光谱

Figure 9. Micrographs and fluorescence spectra of fluid inclusions in the third member of Eocene Liushagang Formation in Weizhou 11 area, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

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图 10 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲11区地层埋藏史—热史图(a)和伴生盐水包裹体均一温度直方图(b)

Figure 10. Stratigraphic burial and thermal history diagram (a) and histogram of homogenization temperature of saline fluid inclusions (b) in Weizhou 11 area, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

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图 11 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲11区不同井始新统流沙港组二段—三段地层压力

Figure 11. Formation pressure of the second and third members of Eocene Liushagang Formation in different wells of Weizhou 11 area, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

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图 12 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷始新统流沙港组三段古地貌—沉积砂体叠合图与典型井石油包裹体镜下特征

a.流三上亚段古地貌；b.流三下亚段古地貌；c.Y-7井流三上亚段石油包裹体荧光照片；d.Y-7井流三上亚段石油包裹体单偏光照片；e.Y-6井流三上亚段石油包裹体荧光照片；f.Y-6井流三上亚段石油包裹体单偏光照片；g.W-3井流三下亚段石油包裹体荧光照片；h.W-3井流三下亚段石油包裹体单偏光照片。

Figure 12. Overlay maps of paleogeomorphology and sedimentary sand body and microscopic characteristics of oil inclusions in typical wells in the third member of Eocene Liushagang Formation, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

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图 13 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲11区原油成藏模式

Figure 13. Crude oil accumulation patterns of Weizhou 11 area, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

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表 1 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠11区原油物性特征

Table 1. Physical properties of crude oil in Weizhou 11 area, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

地层	井号	顶深/m	底深/m	样品类型	饱和烃/%	芳烃/%	原油密度/(g/cm³)	原油含蜡量/%	运动黏度(50 ℃)/(mm²/s)	含硫量/%	沥青质+硅胶质/%	原油类型
流二下亚段	Y-1	3 031.0	3 049.0	DST	78.28	15.62	0.856 1	23.20	10.61	0.15	6.38	中质油
近洼流三上亚段	Y-1	3 125.8	3 179.7	DST	80.98	15.56	0.864 2	23.40	15.24	0.14	9.01	中质油
近洼流三上亚段	Y-8	3 371.3	3 371.3	MDT	54.06	10.56	0.846 5	19.70	8.29	0.16	8.74	中质油
远洼流三上亚段	Y-5	2 645.0	2 645.0	MDT	74.50	14.45	0.837 2	19.10	5.38	0.10	5.26	轻质油
	Y-6	2 981.5	2 981.5	MDT	40.74	7.12	0.820 3	7.83	3.27	0.06	2.05
	Y-7	2 494.3	2 494.3	MDT	45.22	11.42	0.843 6	24.60	8.48		5.87
	Y-7	2 498.6	2 498.6	MDT	48.59	14.69	0.844 3	24.80	8.30		4.75
近洼流三下亚段	Y-1	3 289.2	3 289.2	PVT	30.61	6.92	0.824 2		3.31	0.69	0.00	轻质油
	W-4	3 189.3	3 189.3	MDT	20.26	2.59	0.817 2	1.30	2.86	0.11	1.85
	W-3	3 190.6	3 190.6	MDT			0.834 5		3.85	0.06
远洼流三下亚段	Y-5	2 796.5	2 796.5	MDT	75.70	3.42	0.832 4	24.80	5.55	0.07	3.22	轻质油
	Y-5	2 926.2	2 926.2	MDT	72.06	13.08	0.851 5	20.10	6.88	0.14	3.90
		2 640.5	2 640.5	MDT	33.16	7.57	0.818 3	18.00	3.75		1.55
	Y-7	2 686.1	2 686.1	MDT	41.60	8.84	0.827 2	23.70	5.32		2.15
		2 696.5	2 696.5	MDT	20.38	6.66	0.814 7	14.50	3.02		1.56
	W-1	2 852.8	2 852.8	MDT	75.99	15.83	0.841 4	28.90		0.12	9.02
		2 635.0	2 635.0	MDT	42.71	11.06	0.844 6	18.50	5.99	0.12	6.32
	W-2	2 666.0	2 666.0	MDT	47.04	4.67	0.802 4	3.57	1.90	0.08	2.44
		2 739.0	2 739.0	MDT	51.58	7.72	0.829 9	13.10	4.17	0.08	3.85

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表 2 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠11区原油链烷烃、生物标志物及稳定碳同位素特征

Table 2. Characteristics of alkanes, biomarkers, and stable carbon isotopes in crude oil from Weizhou 11 area, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

地层	顶深/m	底深/m	样品类型	碳优势指数	主峰碳	Pr/Ph	4-MSI	原油同位素/‰	饱和烃碳同位素/‰	芳烃碳同位素/‰	井号	原油族群
流二下亚段	Y-1	3 031.0	3 049.0	DST	1.10	nC₂₇	1.27	3.15	-25.53	-26.28	-25.30	Ⅰ
近洼流三上亚段	Y-1	3 125.8	3 179.7	DST	1.10	nC₂₇	1.58	2.31	-26.62	-27.52	-26.07	Ⅱ
近洼流三上亚段	Y-8	3 371.3	3 371.3	MDT	1.19	nC₂₇	1.11	1.92	-27.55	-27.30	-26.06
远洼流三上亚段	Y-5	2 645.0	2 645.0	MDT	1.12	nC₂₇	0.72	1.77	-26.71	-27.00	-26.44
	Y-6	2 981.5	2 981.5	MDT	1.05	nC₂₅	1.19	1.49	-27.59	-27.29	-26.34
	Y-7	2 494.3	2 494.3	MDT	1.11	nC₂₃	1.23	1.45	-26.43	-26.25	-25.64
	Y-7	2 498.6	2 498.6	MDT	1.12	nC₂₃	1.08	1.54	-25.99	-26.32	-25.74
近洼流三下亚段	Y-1	3 289.2	3 289.2	PVT	1.05	nC₁₇	0.96	1.16	-27.55	-27.34	-27.39	Ⅲ
	W-4	3 189.3	3 189.3	MDT	1.10	nC₁₉	0.85	0.65	-29.02	-27.67	-29.19
	W-3	3 190.6	3 190.6	MDT	1.09	nC₁₅	1.02	0.96	-27.83	-27.39	-28.02
远洼流三下亚段	Y-5	2 796.5	2 796.5	MDT	1.08	nC₂₇	0.71	1.66	-26.74	-26.47	-26.18	Ⅱ
	Y-5	2 926.2	2 926.2	MDT	1.06	nC₂₇	0.94	1.62	-27.00	-26.73	-26.61
		2 640.5	2 640.5	MDT	1.09	nC₂₁	0.81	1.50	-27.31	-26.68	-25.60
	Y-7	2 686.1	2 686.1	MDT	1.11	nC₂₁	0.87	1.45	-26.61	-26.50	-25.82
		2 696.5	2 696.5	MDT	1.11	nC₂₁	0.97	1.27	-28.39	-27.16	-26.85
	W-1	2 852.8	2 852.8	MDT	1.07	nC₂₇	1.48	1.45	-25.93	-26.30	-24.72
	W-2	2 666.0	2 666.0	MDT	1.08	nC₁₅	1.32	1.11	-27.79	-27.04	-25.70
	W-2	2 739.0	2 739.0	MDT	1.08	nC₁₅	1.44	1.43	-26.86	-26.74	-25.49

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表 3 北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲11区流体包裹体特征

Table 3. Characteristics of fluid inclusions in Weizhou 11 area, Weixinan Depression, Beibu Gulf Basin

地层	典型井	深度/m	包裹体类型	宿主矿物	油包裹体荧光颜色	均一温度范围/℃	均一温度主峰/℃	荧光波长/nm	冰点温度/℃	盐度/%	期次
近洼流三段上亚段	W-4	3 059.4~3 485.0	油包裹体伴生盐水包裹体	石英颗粒内裂纹	黄绿色	63.1~136.5	90~100(46)	480.4~530.8(506)	-3.6~4.6 (-1.1)	0.2~6.4(2.6)	一期
	Y1						100~110(81)
	Y8						110~120(13)
远洼流三段上亚段	Y5	2 44 2.5~3048.0	油包裹体伴生盐水包裹体	方解石胶结物中、穿石英颗粒裂纹、穿石英颗粒加大边裂纹	蓝绿色黄绿色	89.3~139.1	100~110(34)	475.4~526(501)	-2.5~-0.1(-0.82)	0.18~4.2 (1.6)	二期
	Y7						110~120(54)
	Y6						120~130(32)
流三段下亚段	Y1	2 556.5~3 390.0	油包裹体伴生盐水包裹体	石英颗粒内愈合裂纹和穿石英颗粒愈合裂纹	淡蓝色亮蓝色微弱荧光	103.8~156.8	110~120(37)	454.3~496.8(479)	-5.2~-0.3(-1.1)	-2.4~8.1 (2.75)	三期
	W-2						120~130(47)
	W-3						130~140(52)
	W-1						140~150(33)
	W4						150~160(12)
	Y6						100~110(17)
注：主峰均一温度数值为温度区间(测点数)，荧光波长、冰点温度、盐度数值为分布范围(均值)。

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