Evaluation of fault lateral sealing for CO2 storage in offshore saline aquifers: a case study of Enping A Oilfield in Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
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摘要: 碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术作为应对全球气候变化的关键手段，在实现“双碳”目标中具有重要战略地位。其中，CO2在咸水层中封存是碳封存的主要方式，而断层圈闭封闭性是CO2地质封存的重要场地筛选标准，其侧向封闭性的准确评价是决定CO2封存安全性的关键问题。目前，断层侧向封闭性评价方法主要针对常规油气藏进行定性和定量评价，而针对咸水层CO2封存的系统性评价方法和体系仍较匮乏。针对海上咸水层CO2封存安全性评价的关键难题，以珠江口盆地珠三坳陷恩平凹陷恩平A油田为例，开展关键断层内部矿物分布与胶结性的非均质性研究。基于断层泥比率(SGR)、过断层压力差(AFPD)及封闭气柱高度，建立了一套CO2断层侧向封闭性评价方法，评价断层对CO2的封闭性能，确定CO2封存目标层位。研究结果表明，F1、F3断层在粤海320和韩江420层位具有静态封闭能力，CO2最大羽流柱高度分别为50~400 m、175~300 m。两套地层对CO2具有良好的密闭性和储存性，可作为恩平A油田CO2封存目标层位。通过该研究结果建立断层空间封闭性评价技术，根据不同层位断距—距离曲线及单井泥质含量信息，得到相应层位断面属性及断层封闭性三角图，实现断层区域封闭性定量评价，为未来CO2咸水层封存提供了定量化筛选评价依据。Abstract: Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) has been considered a key strategy in addressing global climate change and holds strategic importance in achieving the "dual carbon" goals. Among various approaches, CO2 storage in saline aquifers has been identified as the primary method of carbon sequestration. The sealing capacity of a fault seal is regarded as a crucial criterion for site selection in CO2 geological storage, and the accurate evaluation of fault lateral sealing is considered critical for ensuring storage security. At present, most evaluation methods for lateral sealing focus on qualitative and quantitative assessments of conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs, while systematic methods and frameworks for CO2 storage in saline aquifers remain limited. To address the key challenge of evaluating CO2 storage security in offshore saline aquifers, the Enping A Oilfield in the Enping Sag of the Zhu Ⅲ Depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin, was selected as a case study. The heterogeneity of mineral distribution and cementation within key faults was investigated. Based on parameters including Shale Gouge Ratio (SGR), Across-Fault Pressure Difference (AFPD), and sealed gas column height, a method was developed for evaluating fault lateral sealing capacity for CO2 storage, enabling assessments of sealing performance and identification of target layers for CO2 storage. The results showed that the F1 and F3 faults possess static sealing capacity at the Yuehai 320 and Hanjiang 420 layers. The maximum CO2 plume column heights are estimated to be 50 to 400 m and 175 to 300 m, respectively. Both formations exhibit favorable sealing and storage properties for CO2 and can be consi-dered as target layers for CO2 storage in the Enping A Oilfield. Based on the findings, a spatial sealing evaluation technique for faults was developed. By integrating fault throw-distance curves and single-well clay content data for different layers, fault surface attributes and fault sealing ternary diagrams were generated, enabling quantitative evaluation of fault zone sealing. The study provides a basis for the quantitative screening and assessment of saline aquifers for future CO2 storage.
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图 1 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田过F1断层油藏精细解剖
Figure 1. Fine dissection of reservoirs across F1 fault in Enping A Oilfield in Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 2 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田中新统珠江组油藏顶面构造
Figure 2. Structural map of reservoir top surface of Miocene Zhujiang Formation in Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 3 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田1号井单井柱状图
Figure 3. Stratigraphic column of well 1 in Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 4 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田F1(a)和F3(b)断层封闭性三角图
Figure 4. Ternary diagrams of F1 (a) and F3 (b) fault sealing in Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 5 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田不同层位顶面构造
Figure 5. Structural maps of top surfaces of different layers in Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 6 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田不同层位距F1断层端部的距离与断层断距的关系
Figure 6. Relationship between distance of different layers from F1 fault tip and fault throw in Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 7 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田不同层位F1断层2D断面分析
Figure 7. 2D cross-section analysis of F1 fault at different layers in Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 8 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田不同层位F1断层封闭性三角图
Figure 8. Ternary diagrams of F1 fault sealing at different layers in Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 9 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田粤海320和韩江420层F3断层2D断面图
Figure 9. 2D cross-sections of F3 fault in Yuehai 320 and Hanjiang 420 layers of Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 10 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田粤海320和韩江420层F3断层封闭性三角图
Figure 10. Ternary diagrams of F3 fault sealing in Yuehai 320 and Hanjiang 420 layers of Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 11 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田F1断层封闭段平面分布
Figure 11. Planar distribution of sealing segments in F1 fault of Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 12 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田F3断层封闭段平面分布
Figure 12. Planar distribution of sealing segments in F3 fault of Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 13 控圈断层油水压力剖面模式
Figure 13. Cross-section model of oil and water pressure in trap-controlling fault
图 14 CO2-水系统界面张力经验关系
Figure 14. Empirical relationship of interfacial tension in CO2-water system
图 15 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田1号井地层压力拟合趋势线
Figure 15. Trend line fitting of formation pressure for well 1 in Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 16 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田F1断层2D断面图中CO2气柱高度属性分布
Figure 16. Attribute distribution of CO2 column height in 2D cross-sections of F1 fault in Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 17 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田F3断层2D断面图中CO2气柱高度属性分布
Figure 17. Attribute distribution of CO2 column height in 2D cross-sections of F3 fault in Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
表 1 珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平A油田F1和F3断层详细信息
Table 1. Detailed information of F1 and F3 faults in Enping A Oilfield, Enping Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
序号 断层序号 深度/m 层位 圈闭类型 控圈断距/m 1 F1 780~910 粤海320 上升盘圈闭 50~100 2 F1 1 105~1 220 韩江420 上升盘圈闭 50~145 3 F1 1 410~1 474 韩江640 上升盘圈闭 60~150 4 F1 1 500~1 731 珠江220 上升盘圈闭 75~185 5 F3 780~910 粤海320 上升盘圈闭 0~35 6 F3 1 105~1 220 韩江420 上升盘圈闭 0~50 
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