Permeability reduction effect and correction for low-permeability tight sandstone reservoirs under bound water saturation
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摘要: 低渗—致密砂岩储层地层条件下极易饱含束缚水，按标准获取的样品渗透率不能真实反映储层物性。选取川西坳陷侏罗系新场JP、JS及中江JS气藏不同类型储层的岩石样品开展含水渗透率实验，并利用岩石薄片、X衍射、阴极发光、扫描电镜及能谱实验分析，精细描述储层微观特征，分析饱含束缚水状态下有效渗透率降低的影响因素，建立渗透率修正方法。研究认为：黏土矿物伊蒙混层总量及其中蒙脱石相对含量是影响束缚水状态下渗透率下降幅度的主要因素，中江JS、新场JS较新场JP气藏成岩环境更有利于绿泥石、伊利石发育，伊蒙混层中蒙脱石含量更低，且中江JS气藏更有利，不同物性储层饱含束缚水状态下渗透率下降幅度及差异最小；在黏土矿物发育特征相似的情况下，粒度、孔径、碳酸盐胶结物是造成含水渗透率下降的重要因素，新场JP气藏碎屑颗粒最小，储层物性差异最大，不同物性储层饱和束缚水状态下渗透率降低倍数及差异最大，新场JS气藏碎屑粒径及孔径较中江JS气藏小，且碳酸盐胶结物非均匀分布，孔隙连通性差，更易饱含束缚水降低渗透率。建立致密砂岩储层渗透率修正方法，该方法具有普适性，可推广应用，为储量计算、产能预测等提供更准确的物性参数。Abstract: Tight sandstone reservoirs with low-permeability under formation conditions are highly prone to bound water saturation, and the permeability of dried samples obtained by standard methods can not accurately reflect the reservoir properties. Rock samples from different reservoir types in the Western Sichuan Depression were collected for water-bearing formation permeability experiments, including the Jurassic Penglaizhen Formation (JP) and Jurassic Shaximiao Formation (JS) of the Xinchang Gas Field, and JS of the Zhongjiang Gas Field. The microscopic characteristics of reservoirs were systematically characterized using thin-section observation, X-ray diffraction (XRD), cathodoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy spectrum analysis. The influencing factors of the reduction in effective permeability under bound water saturation were analyzed, and a permeability correction method was established. This study indicated that the total amount of illite-smectite (I/S) mixed-layer minerals and the relative content of smectite in I/S mixed-layer minerals were the main factors influencing the permeability reduction under bound water saturation. Compared to the Xinchang JP gas reservoir, the diagenetic environment for the Zhongjiang JS and Xinchang JS gas reservoirs was more favorable for the development of chlorite and illite, and the smectite content in I/S mixed-layer minerals was lower. Among them, the Zhongjiang JS gas reservoir was the most favorable and exhibited the smallest permeability reduction and the least difference across reservoirs with different physical properties under bound water saturation. Given similar clay mineral development characteristics, particle size, pore size, and carbonate cement were other important factors that affected permeability reduction in water-bearing formations. The Xinchang JP gas reservoir had the smallest clastic particles and the largest difference in reservoir physical properties, and the permeability reduction times and differences across reservoirs with different physical properties were the largest under bound water saturation. The Xinchang JS gas reservoir had smaller clastic particles and pore sizes compared to the Zhongjiang JS gas reservoir, and its carbonate cements were unevenly distributed, resulting in poor pore connectivity. Overall, the Xinchang JS gas reservoir was more prone to bound water saturation and permeability reduction. A permeability correction method for tight sandstone reservoirs was established. This method is universally applicable and can be widely promoted, providing more accurate physical parameters for reserve estimation and productivity prediction.
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图 1 川西坳陷位置及侏罗系地层简图
据参考文献[28]修改。
Figure 1. Location of Western Sichuan Depression and stratigraphic column of Jurassic
图 2 川西坳陷侏罗系气藏实验样品含水饱和度与离心时间、气测渗透率关系曲线
Figure 2. Water saturation vs. centrifugation duration and gas permeability of experimental samples from Jurassic gas reservoirs in Western Sichuan Depression
图 3 川西坳陷新场JP气藏储层黏土矿物及胶结物特征
Figure 3. Characteristics of clay minerals and cements in Xinchang JP gas reservoir, Western Sichuan Depression
图 4 川西坳陷新场JS气藏储层黏土矿物及胶结物特征
Figure 4. Characteristics of clay minerals and cements in Xinchang JS gas reservoir, Western Sichuan Depression
图 5 川西坳陷中江JS气藏储层黏土矿物及胶结物特征
Figure 5. Characteristics of clay minerals and cements in Zhongjiang JS gas reservoir, Western Sichuan Depression
图 6 川西坳陷侏罗系不同气藏孔隙喉道特征
Figure 6. Pore-throat characteristics of different Jurassic gas reservoirs in Western Sichuan Depression
图 7 川西坳陷侏罗系不同气藏储层胶结物阴极发光及扫描电镜特征
Figure 7. Characteristics observed in cathodoluminescence and SEM images of cements in different Jurassic gas reservoirs, Western Sichuan Depression
表 1 川西坳陷侏罗系不同气藏储层综合评价
Table 1. Comprehensive evaluation of different Jurassic gas reservoirs in Western Sichuan Depression
气藏 储层类型 岩性 孔隙度/% 渗透率/(10-3 μm2) 孔隙结构 黏土矿物含量/% 排驱压力/MPa 均质系数 I C K I/S(S%) 新场JP Ⅰ 细粒岩屑砂岩 >12.5 >1.5 < 0.4 9.60~10.35 58 13 0 29(50) Ⅱ 细粒岩屑砂岩、粗粉砂岩 9.0~12.5 0.5~1.5 0.4~2.0 10.35~12.00 Ⅲ (含钙)粗粉砂岩 7~9 0.2~0.5 2.0~5.0 12.0~13.0 新场JS Ⅰ 中粒岩屑长石砂岩 >11.5 >0.23 0.1~1.5 9~13 25 52 7 16(20) Ⅱ 细粒岩屑长石砂岩、中粒长石岩屑砂岩 9.5~11.5 0.16~0.23 0.35~2.20 12.5~14.0 Ⅲ 含泥细粒长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩 7.0~9.5 0.10~0.16 1.2~3.0 13.5~15.0 中江JS Ⅰ 中—细粒岩屑长石砂岩 >11 >0.4 0.10~2.23 9.0~12.5 35 52 0 13(10) Ⅱ 中—细粒长石岩屑砂岩 9~11 0.14~0.40 0.72~3.20 10.5~13.5 Ⅲ 细粒岩屑砂岩 7~9 0.04~0.14 1.20~4.59 12.5~15.0 备注：I.伊利石；C.绿泥石；K.高岭石；I/S.伊蒙混层；S%.伊蒙混层中蒙脱石含量。 
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表 2 川西坳陷侏罗系气藏实验样品基本信息及胶结物、黏土矿物含量
Table 2. Basic information of experimental samples and contents of cement and clay minerals in Jurassic gas reservoirs of Western Sichuan Depression
气藏 样品编号 井深/m 岩石薄片鉴定 X衍射全岩成分含量/% X衍射黏土矿物含量/% 岩石定名 碳酸盐胶结物/% 方解石 白云石 黏土矿物 I C K I/S(S%) 新场JP CS66 753.96 细粒岩屑石英砂岩 5.5 11.6 2.8 9.6 25 12 0 63(40) CS64 752.53 极细粒岩屑石英砂岩 8.0 11.8 2.8 8.7 30 9 0 61(40) CS88 774.35 细粒岩屑石英砂岩 14.0 10.3 2.5 20.7 64 19 0 17(40) CS70 680.86 细粒岩屑石英砂岩 30.0 42.1 2.0 3.9 36 25 0 39(40) CS65 752.96 细粒岩屑石英砂岩 6.8 11.6 4.2 9.9 46 11 0 43(40) 新场JS CS02 2 325.12 中粒岩屑长石砂岩 0.3 3.0 0.0 10.1 20 41 34 5(5) CS03 2 320.19 中粒岩屑长石砂岩 0.3 2.5 0.0 9.9 16 45 35 4(5) CS24 2 341.60 中粒岩屑长石砂岩 2.0 1.1 0.0 9.5 15 81 0 4(5) CS23 2 341.14 中粒岩屑长石砂岩 2.0 9.1 0.0 10.3 12 85 0 3(5) CS25 2 340.58 中粒岩屑长石砂岩 1.8 2.2 0.0 11.2 12 84 0 4(5) 中江JS CS30 2 031.71 中粒长石岩屑砂岩 2.0 1.9 0.0 5.7 12 35 0 53(20) CS05 1 980.56 细粒长石岩屑砂岩 6.4 7.2 0.0 13.3 13 83 0 4(5) CS14 2 427.50 细粒长石岩屑砂岩 4.0 2.6 0.0 13.5 14 64 0 22(30) CS09 2 623.37 中粒长石岩屑砂岩 5.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 12 83 0 5(5) CS08 2 622.25 中粒长石岩屑砂岩 4.8 0.0 0.0 8.9 17 77 0 6(5)
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表 3 川西坳陷侏罗系气藏实验样品烘干渗透率与含水渗透率测试结果
Table 3. Test results of drying permeability and water-bearing formation permeability of experimental samples from Jurassic gas reservoirs in Western Sichuan Depression
气藏 样品编号 井深/m 孔隙度/% 渗透率/(10-3 μm2) 储层类型 束缚水饱和度/% 饱含束缚水渗透率/(10-3 μm2) 渗透率降低倍数 新场JP CS66 753.96 15.77 2.52 Ⅰ 27.75 1.670 1.5 CS64 752.53 13.22 0.94 Ⅱ 37.52 0.240 3.9 CS88 774.35 10.30 0.28 Ⅲ 41.38 0.040 6.9 CS70 680.86 4.84 0.28 Ⅳ 44.63 0.040 7.0 CS65 752.96 14.22 0.55 Ⅱ 31.27 0.120 4.6 新场JS CS02 2 325.12 12.42 0.87 Ⅰ 30.86 0.580 1.5 CS03 2 320.19 11.83 1.00 Ⅰ 28.93 0.660 1.5 CS24 2 341.60 10.19 0.13 Ⅱ 34.52 0.061 2.2 CS23 2 341.14 9.08 0.14 Ⅲ 33.76 0.057 2.4 CS25 2 340.58 11.76 0.20 Ⅱ 32.57 0.089 2.2 中江JS CS30 2 031.71 10.52 1.54 Ⅱ 24.47 1.030 1.5 CS05 1 980.56 9.90 0.15 Ⅲ 37.70 0.059 2.5 CS14 2 427.5 7.98 0.14 Ⅲ 36.42 0.090 1.6 CS09 2 623.37 7.73 1.22 Ⅱ 27.34 0.880 1.4 CS08 2 622.25 9.60 0.74 Ⅱ 31.52 0.490 1.5
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表 4 川西坳陷侏罗系气藏渗透率修正模型
Table 4. Permeability correction model for Jurassic gas reservoirs in Western Sichuan Depression
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